Rare earth ore about to be shipped from Lianyungang in east China to Japan Source: AFP
CHINA is building strategic reserves in rare earth metals, an effort that could give Beijing increased power to influence global prices and supplies in a sector it already dominates.
Details of the stockpiling plans haven’t been made public. But the outlines of the effort have emerged in recent statements from Chinese government agencies, state-controlled companies and reports in government-run media. The reports say storage facilities built in recent months in the Chinese province of Inner Mongolia can hold more than the 39,813 tonnes China exported last year.
China controls more than 90 per cent of current global supply of rare earth metals - a group of usually classified as 17 elements and sometimes are called “21st Century gold” for their importance in such high-tech applications as laser-guided weapons and hybrid-car batteries. Beijing has been tightening its exports with a quota policy.
Many rare earth minerals aren’t actually rare, and China doesn’t have a monopoly on deposits of any particular rare earth elements. The US Geological Survey recently estimated that China has about half the world’s 110 million tonnes of rare earth deposits, however. And mining in the US and elsewhere fell off several years ago, in part because of environmental concerns. Australia’s Lynas Corp, US-based Molycorp and other companies around the world are ramping up mining. But a new mine can take a decade to develop, and processing of rare earth elements will remain concentrated in China for years.
Industry observers say that if the stockpiling efforts further restrict China’s exports, that could raise hackles higher in foreign capitals, where some governments already are threatening to challenge Beijing’s quota regime by bringing complaints to the World Trade Organisation.
“In my view, (a reserve) makes the Chinese position worse,” said Steve Dickinson, an attorney at the Seattle law firm Harris & Moure.
Further limits on Chinese exports of rare earth elements also threaten to raise costs for companies in an array of industries, including cellphones, oil refining and high-technology batteries.
Chinese government agencies manage other official stockpiles for commodities, such as copper and corn, as well. And many governments world-wide amass similar stockpiles to address temporary emergency shortfalls, such as grain supplies in a drought year. The US manages a Strategic Petroleum Reserve, but since 1994 has pared back holdings of a range of commodities that had been held in a World War II era stockpile.
China in recent years has expanded the number of commodities it holds in reserve. It appears to actively manage their use, but does so with little transparency and sometimes in ways that appear designed to influence market prices, analysts say.
When aluminium prices were soaring in early November, for instance, the State Reserve Bureau blunted the rally by unloading more than 200,000 tonnes of aluminium ingots at as much as 7 per cent below Shanghai Futures Exchange prices. China’s lack of clarity over how exactly it manages its strategic reserves of petroleum has roiled global oil markets and drawn criticism from the International Energy Agency and others.
China isn’t alone in looking to stockpile rare earth metals. The Japanese and South Korean governments say they have amassed some reserves and US analysts have called for a similar effort. But China appears to be ahead of other countries.
The Chinese stockpiling, under the direction of the Ministry of Land and Resources, began with a pilot project almost a year ago in China’s primary mining region of Baotou in Inner Mongolia and is related to the ministry’s assertion of authority in recent years over mining regions. At least 10 storage facilities are being built and managed by the world’s largest producer of rare earth metals, government-controlled Baotou Steel Rare earth Hi-Tech Co. Chinese state media reports say stockpiles may eventually top 100,000 tonnes.
The ministry and Baotou Steel Rare earth didn’t respond to questions for this article.
While China says its deposits of rare earth minerals account for only about a third of the global total, the country mines most of the world’s marketed supply, which has raised concerns that China could deplete the supply too quickly.
In their limited comments about strategic reserves of rare earth minerals, Chinese officials have cited the need to protect national resources, reduce pollution and save energy, the same factors used to explain China’s export quotas.
A 2009 policy paper on minerals by the Resources Ministry cited a need “to regulate the supply-demand relationship in the market and implement government industrial policy.”
The move to build reserves comes as China’s supply of rare earth metals to the rest of the world already is shrinking despite growing demand for the elements, which have strategic industrial and military value in such products as night-vision goggles and wind turbines. China’s exports of rare earth metals fell 9.3 per cent last year.
US Rep. Mike Coffman called China “an unreliable trade partner” in rare earth minerals and said he plans to introduce a bill in coming weeks that may require the US military to hold an unspecified amount of such elements. “The goal of the legislation is to establish a competitive supply chain in the US,” and that may include mandating a stockpile or setting conditions on when to form one, the Colorado Republican said in an interview.
The American Security Project think tank in a report released Tuesday recommended stockpiling as “one of the best ways to prepare for a future shortage” of rare earth metals before US mining and processing capability is expanded. The group, whose board includes retired military officers and former lawmakers, such as Gary Hart, who specialised in defence policy, and US Senator and John Kerry (D. Mass.), cites a Pentagon estimate that while only 5 per cent of demand for rare earth metals in the US comes from the military, the US is nevertheless “completely reliant on China for the production of some of (the Pentagon’s) most powerful weapons.”
But some politicians warn that official stockpiling by the US would only make the government a new competitor in an already strained supply chain that, despite its strategic importance, is relatively small. China’s exports of rare earth ore, metals and compounds last year was valued at just $940 million. Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R. Alaska), who plans soon to reintroduce a bill to support the US rare earth industry, favours first studying the merits of a strategic reserve rather than mandating the creation of one, a spokesman for the Alaska Republican said.
The US Department of Energy in 2009 proposed a middle road. It outlined how a Strategic Military Stockpile Program would include “limited physical stockpiles” of metals and other resources but be supplemented by “friendly nation agreements and long-term supply-chain partnerships.”
In recent months, the high-tech-focused nations of Japan and South Korea, both of which are dependent on China for rare earth supplies, have highlighted stockpiling strategies. The European Union is weighing reserves too, Reuters recently reported, and British lawmakers last month discussed their country's strategic-materials strategy.
It is unclear how much day-to-day control Beijing authorities actually have of their rare earths industry. The Resources Ministry in policies dating to 1999 repeatedly has described rare earth production as disorderly. Nor has the government spelled out what supplies will get diverted to national stockpiles.
But the ministry increasingly is asserting authority over rare earth mining as part of a broader program that has seen the government move to manage more than 50 commodity-production zones producing coal, iron ore and the rare earth element vanadium. Eight rare earth zones were put under national administration in 2006, while Beijing has specified that more than 1,600 mining blocs are subject to central-government planning policies and hundreds of mines will be closed.
The ministry extended its reach in January to include a region in southeastern Jiangxi Province, where a particularly scarce class of rare earth minerals is prevalent. That move, announced in a one-paragraph notice dated January 4, covers 11 rare earth mining blocks over a little more than half an acre in the Jiangxi area of Ganzhou. The area is known for deposits of particularly rare, premium-priced “heavy” rare earth metals, such as terbium, which is used in fuel cells.
“The announcement is to promote an overall planning over the rare earth mining industry,” said Chen Zhenheng, deputy director of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths industry association.
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